中国空间站工程技术与管理创新
来源:用户上传
作者:杨宏 张昊 周昊澄
摘 要:空间站是一个国家科技水平和制造能力综合实力的体现,世界上只有前苏联的“和平号”空间站和正在轨运行的以美国为主导、16国参与的国际空间站。面对国外技术封锁,我们发挥我国新型举国优势,创新了一条适合我国国情的空间站建造方案,提出了“独立自主、创新引领、体系保障、规模适度、留有发展空间”的我国空间站研制管理模式,成功研制、发射和运行空间站首个航天器“天和”核心舱。本文对我国空间站工程的总体方案、组装建造方案和工程任务安排进行了介绍,阐述了我国空间站工程的主要技术特点,并从技术体系、研制体系、发展体系和风控体系等四个方面总结了我国空间站研制和运行过程的工程管理创新。
关键词:中国空间站;工程技术与管理;技术与管理创新
中图分类号:V57文献标识码:A文章编号:2097-0145(2022)03-0001-06doi:10.11847/fj.41.3.1
Engineering Technology and Management Innovation of China Space Station
YANG Hong, ZHANG Hao, ZHOU Hao-cheng
(Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing 100094, China)
Abstract:The space station is the embodiment of the comprehensive strength of a country’s technological level and manufacturing capability. Currently, there are only the former Soviet Union’s MIR space station and the on-orbit International Space Station led by the United States and participated by 16 countries. However, due to the blockade of foreign technology, China needs to give full play to our country’s new national advantages and innovates a space station construction plan which is suitable for Chinese situations. Therefore, we put forward a development and management model for our country’s space named “independence, innovation leadership, system guarantee, appropriate scale, and room for development”. Based on this model, the first spacecraft “Tianhe” core module of China Space Station has been successfully developed, launched and operated. This paper introduces the overall scheme, assembly and construction scheme and engineering task arrangement of China Space Station project, expounds the main technical characteristics of China Space Station project, and summarizes the engineering management innovation in the development and operation process of China Space Station from four aspects: technical system, management system, development system and risk control system.
Key words:China Space Station; engineering technology and management; technology and management innovation
1 引言
中空间站是一个长期在近地轨道运行的载人空间站,命名为“天宫”,由核心舱、实验舱I和实验舱II三舱组成,提供三个对接口,支持载人飞船、货运飞船及其他来访飞行器的对接和停靠。围绕建设具有中国特色和时代特征的空间站这一宏伟目标,中国空间站工程方案坚持以下基本原则:符合中国国情,有所为、有所不为;规模适度,留有发展空间;具有突出的中国元素和核心内涵;体现国家发展的战略目标,创新驱动发展;追求技术进步,充分采用当代先进技术建造和运营空间站,全面掌握大型空间设施的建造和操作技术;注重应用效益,在空间站应用领域取得重大创新科技成果;追求运营经济性,走可持续发展的道路[1,2]。基于以上原则,我们提出了“独立自主、创新引领、体系保障、规模适度、留有发展空间”的空间站系统研制管理模式,并按此模式完成了空间站核心舱的研制,成功发射入轨正常运行。
2 空间站工程概述
2.1 总体构型
空间站的基本构型是由核心舱、实验舱Ⅰ和实验舱Ⅱ三个舱段组成的T字构型,其中核心舱居中,实验舱Ⅰ和实验舱Ⅱ永久停泊于核心舱节点舱的两侧,载人飞船和货运飞船分别对接于核心舱的前向和后向,如图1所示。
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