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依帕司他联合羟苯磺酸钙治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变临床观察

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   【摘要】 目的:观察羟苯磺酸钙联合依帕司他对2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者的临床疗效。方法:选取2015年1-12月笔者所在医院内分泌科门诊的2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者350例,按照就诊顺序进行分组,将奇数就诊号设置为治疗组,共177例;将偶数就诊号设置为对照组,共173例。两组均给予控制血糖治疗,对照组在此基础上给予依帕司他,治疗组在对照组基础上口服羟苯磺酸钙,均治疗12周。统计两组治疗前后密歇根糖尿病神经病变量表(MDNS)和密歇根神经病变筛查量表(MNSI)评分,对比两组临床疗效。结果:治疗12周后,对照组总有效率为84.97%,显著低于治疗组的96.04%,差异有统计学意义(字2=12.560,P=0.000)。治疗12周后,两组MDNS和MNSI评分均较治疗前降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗后MDNS和MNSI评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:羟苯磺酸钙联合依帕司他治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变的效果优于单用依帕司他治疗。
   【关键词】 羟苯磺酸钙 依帕司他 醛糖还原酶抑制剂 2型糖尿病周围神经病变 密歇根糖尿病神经病变量表 密歇根神经病变筛查量表
   [Abstract] Objective: To observe the effect of Calcium Dobesilate combined with Epalrestat in the treatment of type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Method: From January to December 2015, 350 patients with type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy were selected from the endocrinology department of our hospital. The patients were grouped according to the treatment order, and the odd number was set as the treatment group, 177 cases in total. The even number was set as the control group, 173 cases in total. Both groups were treated with glucose control, and the control group was treated with Epalrestat on this basis, and the treatment group was treated with Calcium Dobesilate orally on the basis of the control group, and patients were treated for 12 weeks. Before and after treatment, the Michigan diabetic neuropathy scale (MDNS) and the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI) were analyzed between the two groups, and the clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared. Result: After 12 weeks of treatment, the total effective rate of the control group was 84.97%, which was significantly lower than 96.04% of the treatment group, and the difference was statistically significant (字2=12.560, P=0.000). After 12 weeks of treatment, the scores of the MDNS and MNSI of the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). And the scores of MDNS and MSNI of the treatment group were lower than those of the control group after treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The efficacy of Calcium Dobesilate combined with Epalrestat in the treatment of type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy is better than that of Epalrestat alone.
  
   糖尿病周圍神经病变(diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN)是糖尿病常见的慢性并发症之一,发病机制较为复杂,多认为多元醇旁路激活是DPN的主要病理机制之一[1]。醛糖还原酶是糖代谢多元醇通路的关键限速酶之一,通过产生山梨醇而影响神经细胞的正常代谢[2]。因此,醛糖还原酶抑制剂可显著降低神经细胞内的山梨醇水平,恢复Na+-K+-ATP酶的活性和肌醇平衡,提高神经传导速度,改善形态学异常,从而改善感觉和运动神经功能[3-5]。研究发现,羟苯磺酸钙对微循环障碍引起的多种疾病均有较好疗效[6]。既往常将羟苯磺酸钙应用于预防和治疗糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)中,疗效理想[7]。但采用羟苯磺酸钙治疗DPN的报道较少。本研究采用羟苯磺酸钙联合依帕司他治疗2型DPN,旨在观察临床效果,为临床医生治疗DPN提供新的药物选择方案。   1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
   选取2015年1-12月于笔者所在医院内分泌科门诊就诊的350例2型DPN患者。纳入标准:(1)符合世界卫生组织(WHO)制定的2型糖尿病诊断标准[8];(2)符合2010年美国糖尿病协会和欧洲糖尿病研究协会专家共识中的DPN诊断标准[9]。排除标准:(1)有酗酒史(≥100 ml/d,酒精含量≥40%,时间≥10年);(2)严重急性并发症,如糖尿病酮症酸中毒、高血糖高渗状态、低血糖症、乳酸性酸中毒等;(3)脑血管病、颈椎和/或腰椎病、感染性多发性神经炎、结缔组织病、脉管炎、尿毒症、足感染或水肿、抑郁症、焦虑症、严重肝肾功能障碍;(4)药物性及其他疾病所致周围神经病变。按照就诊顺序进行分组,将奇数就诊号设置为治疗组,共177例,年龄42~66岁,平均(54.02±11.9)岁;病程6~10年,平均(8.45±1.46)年。将偶数就诊号设置为对照组,共173例,年龄41~66岁,平均(53.82±11.9)岁;病程6~11年,平均(8.35±1.86)年。两组年龄、病程等比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。本研究符合《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》相关要求,告知患者研究内容并签署知情同意书。
  1.2 方法
   两组均给予控制血糖治疗。对照组给予依帕司他片(江苏扬子江药业有限公司公司,国药准字H20040012,生产批号18082302)治疗,50 mg/次,3次/d,共12周。治疗组在对照组基础上口服羟苯磺酸钙分散片(江苏万高药业有限公司,国药准字H20080288,生产批号1807R04),0.5 g/次,3次/d,共12周。两组在治疗过程中均不使用其他治疗神经病变的药物。
  1.3 观察指标及评价标准
   (1)分别于治疗前后采用密歇根糖尿病神经病变量表(MDNS)和密歇根神经病变筛查量表(MNSI)评估周围神经病变情况[10]。MDNS评分标准:分值为0~46分,0~6分为无周围神经病变,7~12分为轻度周围神经病变,13~29分为中度周围神经病变,30~46分为重度周围神经病变,分数越高,周围神经病变越重。MNSI评分标准:分值为0~8分,总分>2分为异常,分数越高,周围神经病变越严重。(2)疗效判断标准。显效:皮肤感觉异常(麻木、疼痛)消失,腱反射明显改善或基本恢复正常;有效:皮肤感觉异常(麻木、疼痛)减轻,腱反射明显改善;无效:皮肤感觉异常(麻木、疼痛)无改善或加重,腱反射无明显改善或加重。总有效率=(显效+有效)/总例数×100%。
  1.4 统计学处理
   采用SPSS 17.0统计软件对数据进行处理,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 两组临床疗效比较
   对照组总有效率为84.97%,显著低于治疗组的96.04%,差异有统计学意义(字2=12.560,P=0.000),见表1。
  2.2 两组治疗前后MDNS和MNSI评分比较
   两组治疗后MDNS和MNSI评分均较治疗前降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组治疗后MDNS和MNSI评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
  3 讨论
   目前,DPN发病机制尚不明确,可能与血糖升高、氧化应激、微血管障碍及自身免疫等多种致病因素相互作用而影响内皮细胞、外周神经元及施万细胞功能有关,导致外周神经出现轴突变性和脱髓鞘病变[11]。其中氧化应激导致多元醇代谢通路异常是关注最多的机制之一,主要与两个关键酶即醛糖还原酶和山梨醇脱氢酶有关。因此,可通过抑制醛糖还原酶和山梨醇脱氢酶以改善氧化应激导致多元醇代谢通路异常所引起的神经损害。目前,临床应用的醛糖还原酶抑制剂包括依帕司他等,可通过抑制醛糖还原酶以阻断葡萄糖转化为山梨醇,减少周围神经组织中山梨醇和果糖的蓄积,从而纠正神经组织的结构和功能,改善感觉和运动神经功能。另外,醛糖还原酶抑制剂还可抑制蛋白激酶C信号通路,增加血管内皮细胞中一氧化氮的含量,抑制高糖介导的中性粒细胞内皮细胞黏附,有效改善糖尿病神经病变[12]。因此,本研究以依帕司他为两组基本用药,发现单纯使用依帕司他的总有效率能够到达84.97%,且治疗后MDNS和MNSI评分均低于治疗前。提示采用依帕司他治疗DPN可以达到改善病情的作用。
   糖尿病神经病变不仅涉及氧化应激代谢通路,亦与微血管病变相关。微循环功能障碍可破坏神经元和神经鞘细胞,引发外周神经病变[13]。因此,对于糖尿病神经病变患者不仅需要改善其代谢通路,还需改善微循环功能障碍。羟苯磺酸钙具有抗氧化活性,能减轻血管内皮损伤和细胞凋亡[14]。同时,羟苯磺酸钙还可改善血管功能,减轻炎症反应,常用于治疗糖尿病视网膜病变及慢性静脉功能不全等血管性疾病,但治疗DPN的报道较少[15]。研究表明,羟苯磺酸钙可抑制组胺、5-羟色胺、缓激肽和血栓素B2等血管活性介质的合成并拮抗其作用;可减少过多胶原蛋白形成,防止微血管基底膜增厚;可减少血小板聚集因子的合成与释放,降低血小板活性;可增强微血管内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶活性,拮抗活性氧簇的毛细血管通透性改变,从而保护血管,改善神经缺血缺氧状态,且在改善局部微循环障碍的基础上可营养、修复受损神经[16]。本研究中的治疗组在依帕司他基础上联合羟苯磺酸钙,结果显示,治疗组MDNS和MNSI评分均低于对照组,总有效率明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。据此提示,依帕司他联合羟苯磺酸钙具有协同作用,可在改善局部微循环的基础上营养、修复受损神经。
   总之,羟苯磺酸钙联合依帕司他有利于减轻DPN患者肢体疼痛、麻木等症状,提高治疗效果,值得临床推广使用。但本研究样本量相对较少、随访时间较短,还需加大样本量和增加随访时间以进一步进行临床试验。   参考文献
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  (收稿日期:2019-11-04) (本文編辑:李盈)
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