浅谈初中英语阅读理解的技巧指导
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摘要:近年来,中考英语阅读材料新颖,题材丰富,且具有区域性特点,喜欢考查当地的经济文化特征。在阅读理解的题目设置中,不仅考查学生注重细节的能力,还要考查学生的推断能力,以及根据语篇猜测词义等综合语言运用能力。笔者结合自己多年一线的初中英语教学实例,针对学生未能正确理解语篇句子含义,未能整体把握篇章主旨大意的问题,愿與广大英语教育工作者共同交流在英语阅读教学中如何有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力。
关键词:英语教学;阅读理解;技巧与策略
阅读是学生学习英语的基本技能,是读者使用语法、意义、经验、知识、逻辑思维和背景知识等来预测和思考,然后获取相关信息的一种复杂的、主动思维的心理过程,其最终目的是理解文章及作者的思想内容。虽已接触多年,但初中生的英语阅读理解能力仍有待提高。现在笔者将分享自己积累的阅读教学经验,来共同探讨影响英语阅读的原因与技巧,从而帮助学生提升英语阅读理解的能力。
一、 影响学生阅读理解能力的原因和技巧
(一) 词汇量不足
学生在阅读时,首先遇到的问题就是生词。如果你在遇到一个新单词后立即查看字典,它将会影响你思维的连续性,阅读速度和理解力,甚至会对阅读失去兴趣。近年来,英语阅读理解中单词量的增加要求考生根据语境和现有知识做出合理的猜测。而词汇量少,生词障碍,都是考生阅读中最大的障碍。因此,在阅读过程中,笔者经常传授给学生猜测词义的方法。
1. 定义猜测:如:An thropology is a study of men.(人类学)
2. 重述猜测:作者为避免简单的重复某些词语,而用新的语言形式来进一步陈述该词语的意思。如:He had a wan look. He was so pale and weak that we thought he was ill.(苍白的,病弱的)
3. 举例猜测:如:Every country had its favorite beverage, Italians like to drink coffee after dinner.(饮料)
4. 利用对照关系猜测:通过对照比较,可以从语篇中该词的左右两侧去揣测出该生词的含义。如:I believe I wasnt smart. I believe I wasnt talented. I believed I failed.(天赋的)
(二) 对阅读理解的问题设置缺乏理解
阅读理解题在中学英语考试中所占的比值较大,这就要求学生在阅读中要了解题目设置的特征。学生们想要顺利完成英语阅读理解题,抓住它的解法和思路,就得先了解阅读理解题到底有哪些题型,根据题目特点,掌握解题技巧,正所谓“知己知彼,百战不殆”。
1. 主旨题:学生可以概括全文的中心大意或者标题。如:What is the best title/main idea for this passage?此题可以通过文章的首段尾段,或者衔接每段段意,从而概括出文章的主旨大意。
2. 表层细节题:学生可以直接在阅读文中找到题目的答案。
3. 深层理解题:学生在阅读文中无法直接找到答案,但可以通过一定的词义转换,语义扩展或简单的归纳理解可以找出答案。
4. 语义题:学生可以通过阅读该词前后的上下文内容,来猜测、判断该词的意义或者该词在文章中所指代的内容。
(三) 缺乏对阅读题材的解题技巧的掌握
在初中的阅读理解中,阅读文章的难度逐年增加,但是更多的是以记叙文为主,有时候夹叙夹议,且内容一般更接近学生的生活,多以故事的形式出现。笔者在教授阅读理解中,为让学生能更加轻松地掌握阅读技巧,通常运用“解题三部曲”。
首先,阅读问题,找出题干题支的要点,以便学生可以带着问题看文章,这样就可以知道自己在寻找什么。正所谓“有的放矢”。
其次,扫视全文,寻找与问题相关的句子,特别要重点看第一段和最后一段或者每段话的首句或尾句,然后结合文章的标题和内容来思考它,以便全文清晰。然后教导学生在文中画出答案相关的句子,以便寻找到问题的正确选项。
最后,通读全文,抓住关键词,了解细节,这是阅读解题的关键。
(四) 缺乏快速阅读的良好习惯
阅读能力的考查是英语中考的最重要环节之一,然而,不少考生在做阅读理解题时常感到力不从心,时间仓促,效率低下。究其原因,这与不良阅读习惯有很大关系。因此,良好的阅读习惯是提高英语阅读效率的重要保证,对提高学生的阅读速度和质量有很大的帮助。
首先,平时要养成快速阅读的好习惯,即在限定的时间内有成效的阅读,然后根据所获得的信息回答文章内容所提出的问题。
其次,要养成默读的良好习惯,即不出声地阅读,默读可以使学生的注意力集中在文字符号上,双目快速扫视,达到一目十行的效果。
最后,要学会按意群阅读。句子都是由多个意群组成,阅读时要学会通过句子的每一个意群来整体领会文章,要把视力集中在几个词或词群上,避免单个词地阅读。
二、 典型例题分析及技巧指导(福建省2017中考英语试卷)
I was traveling alone through the UK. To reach places that were off the public transportation map, I bought an old car, which cost most of my money. I couldnt afford to stay in the hotel, so I had to camp in my car for the rest of the trip. One morning I awoke in my old car in Ireland and saw a single house. The water in my thermos(保温瓶) had gone cold, so I knocked on the door of the house. A woman opened it. I asked her for some hot water. I was invited indoors. She asked me to sit at the table and have breakfast with her family. They filled my thermos before I left.
I was greatly moved. And I decided to pass the kindness on. The other day I met a young man who had been driving around to look for a parking lot. He looked increasingly upset. I was glad that I was able to point one out to him. His thankful smile was the hugest reward(奖赏) for me.
1. The writer bought the car in order to .
A. serve the publicB. travel more easily
C. take the trip aloneD. save more money
2. Why did the writer camp in his car?
A. He was short of money.
B. It was his habit.
C. He could have a better rest.
D. It would be warmer.
3. The writer asked the woman for .
A. a mapB. a thermos
C. some hot waterD. a light breakfast
4. How did the young man feel at last?
A. Funny.B. Upset.
C. Disappointed.D. Thankful.
5. Whats the main idea of the text?
A. Traveling alone is interesting.
B. Sharing food is a pleasure.
C. Kindness is the sunshine in life.
D. Smile is important to everybody.
答案分析:1. 答案可以在該文第一段的第二句中找到。To reach places that were off the public transportation map, I bought an old car。从这句话,你可以直接找到它,这是一个直接的答案。故正确答案为 B。
2. 答案可以在该文第一段的第三句中找到。I couldnt afford to stay in the hotel, so I had to camp in my car for the rest of the trip.故正确答案为 A。
3. 答案可以在第二段第三句里直接找到,I asked her for some hot water,属于直接回答题。正确答案为 C。
4. 在文章的最后一段最后一句提到His thankful smile,故选D。
5. 文章从第二段a woman对我的好,以及最后一段我对a young man的帮助,不难得出结论,对他人的善意之举才是文章的中心。故选C。
三、 实战演练
Bob and his family like eating fish very much. He often buys some fish in the shop and takes them home for dinner. His wife(妻子) often asks her friends to their home to have lunch and eat fish. One morning, Bob buys some fish home and goes to his office to work. His wife sees the fish and thinks “Good! I can ask my friends to come for lunch.”
When Bob comes home from work in the evening, he cant find his fish. His wife says, “Oh, Its your cat. Your cat eats it.” And she gives Bob some bread for dinner. The husband(丈夫) is very angry. He takes the cat and his wife to the shop next to their home to weigh(称) the cat. Then he asks his wife, “You see, my fish is one kilo, and this cat is one kilo, too. My fish is here.Then where is my cat?” 1. Bob is a(n) .
A. farmerB. cook
C. driverD. office worker
2. Bobs wife gives him some for dinner.
A. breadB. chicken
C. fishD. rice
3. The underlined word “angry” means “” in Chinese.
A. 高兴的B. 积极的
C. 生气的D. 懒惰的
4. The best title of this passage is “”.
A. Who Is Clever?
B. What Does The Cat Do?
C. Where Is My Fish?
D. Who Buys The Fish?
答案:1. 根據第一段话的第4句可知答案选D,One morning, Bob buys some fish home and goes to his office to work.
2. 根据第二段第三句的内容可知,所以选 A。
3. 根据angry的下文内容可知,他很生气,故答案为C。
4. 根据文章最后一句Where is my cat?男主人想问他的妻子fish在哪儿,所以选C。
语言学家Goodman从心理语言学角度表明:阅读是一种复杂的心理语言活动,它是作者,语言和读者之间相互碰撞的结果。因此,有必要在阅读时消除分散注意力的思想,使其平和并具有心理特异性,并形成愉快和直接的心态。这是提高阅读理解的另一要素。心理学家告诉我们,过度的压力会形成阻碍大脑正常思维功能的负面因素。因此,在阅读过程中,我们必须保持冷静的心,遇到新词、难句,不要惊慌,用自己所有的语言知识来解决。
总而言之,学生阅读能力的提升不是一蹴而就的,需要靠长期地累积。因此,让学生在老师的指导下掌握句子结构,抓住文章大意,掌握阅读技巧,方能让他们在英语阅读理解中立于不败之地,才能够做到基础扎实,方法得当,事半功倍。只要学生能够越来越多地阅读和练习,他们就可以从量变到质变,这样学生就可以在考试中取得理想的成绩,终身受益。
参考文献:
[1]Goodman, K. S. Reading: A Psycholinguistic Guessing Game[J]. Journal of the Reading Specialist,1967(6).
作者简介:
林晶,福建省福鼎市,福建省福鼎市第二中学。
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