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浅谈英语议论文的写作

来源:用户上传      作者: 张东霞

  一、段落结构
  
  1.主题句(topic sentence)
  从原则上讲,每段涉及的主题不宜超过一个,主题多了,不利于突出中心。主题句是对段落中心意思的概括,是段落的核心,最好放在段首,让读者一眼就看出该段的主题,也可根据需要放在段中或段尾,还可以在段首出现、段尾强调重复。
  (1)In the past years,there have been great changes in people's diet。
  (2)From the graph given above,it can be seen that people's living standard has been improved。
  这样的句子或引述事实及现状,或提出问题及看法,作为观点句置于段落的不同位置,起提纲契领的作用。
  2.支持句(supporting sentences)
  当段落的主题句确定之后,我们就该提供支持句对主题句进行说明、解释、论证,发展主题句所提出的论点,从而对主题句有完整、准确的了解。例如:
  (1)There are three possible reasons for this.
  (2)Unfortunately,however,tourism also gives rise to a number of problems.
  这些句子或分析原因、或进行比较,或阐述不同观点,或进行反面论述,由它们扩展的句子都称为支持句。
  3.结论句(concluding sentences)
  (1)Generally,I think it's better for families to live together.
  (2)In short,it can be said that in modern society,we could not live without electricity.
  
  二、语言运用
  
  通常作者对自己论述的观点是清楚的,但在将观点传达给读者时,往往因为用词不准确,逻辑欠严密,出现一些似是而非、违反英语基本语法规则的句子。最常见的问题是在不一致问题上,即主谓不一致、时态不一致及代词指代关系不一致等。试看下例子:
  (1)When one has money,he can do what he wants to.
  one是单数,应用has而不是have;同理,wants中“s”不可丢。
  (2)There is all kinds of people.
  “There is”句型中主语为all kinds of是复数概念,因此is应该为are.
  (3)Some people thought that money is the source of happiness.
  本句中主句与从句时态不一致,thought应改为think.
  (4)Nowadays,college students should getting to know the would outside the campus.
  这句属于动词形态上的误用。用于情态动词should之后动词用原形,不可用非谓语动词形式的Ving.
  (5)They will can buy happiness with money.
  这句属于动词形态的误用,will和can都为情态动词,两个中只能用一个。
  
  三、写作步骤
  
  1.我们要认真审题
  认真审题是写好作文的前提,考试是命题作文,这就明确了文章的主题,限定写作的范围。只有审对文章题目的含义,才能引用切入主题的事实、道理或例证去论证文章所要求阐述的观点,这样文章才能组织得有条理,体现出完整性,才能有效地根据写作题目做文章,即扣题写作。
  
  2.审题和结构的过程也是拟题纲的过程
  我们按主题句列出几个支持句的要点即可成为一个很好的提纲。
  Title:Women in the Modern World
  (1)Women are playing an important part in society today.
  A:More and more women are acting as career women.
  B:Many jobs which men can do are done by women.
  (2)With the changes in their role,women's position in the family has been improved as well.
  A:Husband and wife are equal.
  B:They share jobs and hardships together.
  (3)In spite of these changes,the liberation of women has not been realized.
  A:A number of men will regard women as incapable creatures.
  B:Few women are allowed to do jobs dominated by men.
  (4)Conclusion:In brief,there is still much to do to improve women's role in society.
  有了这样的提纲,短文的基本框架就构成了,只要加一些具体的细节,事实或实例,文章就写出来了。
  
  3.组段成章
  好的文章要注意解决好段落的连贯过渡问题,既要处理各自然段在内容上的相关衔接,又要借助语言表达手段,如加上适合的连接词语,使各自然段过渡自然,前呼后应,整体文章通顺流畅。为了解决好文章的连贯过渡问题,需学会使用英语作文启、承、转、合的词语,凭借这些词语可把句与句、段落与段落连接起来,起承上启下的作用,使通篇丝丝入口,形成语义连贯的统一体,即一篇好的作文。
  
  4.检查修改
  任何人在写作过程中都难免出现错漏之处,在平时练习作文时,一定要养成认真修改的习惯,以便在自己的英语和表达能力的范围内尽量完善地表达文章的内容。在应试时,着重检查以下几个问题:(1)动词时态、语言、人称是否正确?(2)各词的单复数是否一致?主谓及代词指代关系是否一致?(3)动词搭配及词组是否有错?(4)句型结构是否正确?(5)句子是否完整无缺?(6)大小写及词的拼写是否有错?(7)标点符号是否正确?
  
  作者单位:山西电子高级技校


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