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英语非常规否定形式探究

来源:用户上传      作者: 吕允康

  摘要:英语句子中,除了在谓语部分进行否定之外,否定也常常出现在主语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语等成分中,并且表现形式多样,表现方法灵活。有的使用否定副词、否定形容词构成否定,有的使用半否定词或通过带有否定意义词缀的词表示否定,也有的句子形式是肯定的,含义却是否定的,还有的句子中有两个部分表示否定,但含义却是肯定的。
  关键词:否定形式;词缀否定;双重否定;否定转移
  中图分类号:H059文献标志码:A文章编号:1673-291X(2011)01-0287-03
  
  一般来说,英语句子的否定是通过否定谓语部分来实现的。句子中有系动词(be)、助动词(have,shall,will)和情态动词(can,may,must,should …)构成否定时,直接在这些词(系动词、助动词、和情态动词)之后加否定词not / never / hardly等构成否定句。凡句子中没有系动词、助动词和情态动词而谓语由实义动词充当,构成否定时要在谓语动词前加助动词do / does / did + not或hardly,seldom等半否定词构成。然而,在语言实践中,也会出现一些非常规的否定情况。
  一、否定的形式
  (一)用no + n.,none (+of n./ pron.),nothing或nobody作主语、宾语,not +adj.作宾补等形式构成否定句
  例如:
  (1)No one in his class can speak two foreign languages.
  (2)Nothing is hard in this world if you dare to scale the heights.
  (3)Time and tide wait for no man.
  (4)The judge declared him not guilty and set him free.
  (二)用含有否定意义词缀的词表示否定
  有时句子里不用否定词,而是采用带有否定意义词缀的词达到了否定效果,增加了语言表达的丰富性。常用的前缀有:an-无,非,不 ( anisometric 不等容的),counter-反,逆 (counter-motion 反向运动),de-减,反,去,解 (depress 减压),dis-无,不,失 (disappear消失), im-不,无,非 (impolite 不礼貌的),in-不,无,非,(incorrect 不正确的),il-无,非,不(illegal不合法的),mis-错,误(misunderstand误解),non-无,非,不( non-loaded 无负载的),un-无,非,不(untrue 不真实的),under-不足,(under-production生产不足);常用的后缀有:-free 无…的(dustfree 无尘的),-less 不…的,无…的(limitless无限的)。例如:
  (1)It is unwise to interfere between husband and wife.
  (2)What he said was extremely illogical.
  (三)没有否定词的否定
  有时一个句子中既没有否定词,又没有含否定意义词缀的词,而是通过下列句式表达了否定的意思。
  1.fail+prep.;fail + to do,意为“未做,没有做”
  (1)He failed in this mathematics examination.
  (2)She said she would help us,but she failed to keep her promise.
  2.too + adj./adv.+ to do 意为“太……而不……”在此结构中,不定式短语表否定,全句的重心在于否定。例如:
  (1)His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
  (2)Light travels much too faster to be measured in this way.
  这里须注意,在上述句型中的too后,如形容词是ready (甘心的,易于的),apt(容易的),willing ( 乐意的),eager (热心的),anxious (渴望的,急切的),inclined(喜爱的)等,这时,该形容词和后面的不定式组成一个不可分割的整体,具有肯定意义。例如:
  (1)He is too ready to talk.他太爱说话了。
  (2)01d men are often too apt to forget.老年人往往健忘。
  (3)1 am too anxious to see you.我真想见你。
  3.某些v./adj./n.+from 结构具有否定含义
  (1)Painting is the most common way to protect metals from corrosion.(不被腐蚀)
  (2)When the machine is working,do keep away from it.(不要靠近)
  (3)We must take measures to be safe from pursuit.(不被跟踪)
  (4)We hope that you will be able to get freedom from annoyance.(不再烦恼)
  4.某些介词短语具有否定含义
  above ( 在…之上),引申义“不屑于”,“不耻于”;against (反,反对),转义为“不利于”,“违背”;below (在…下),引申为“低于”,“不配”;beyond(在…之外),转义为“超出”,“没料到”;out of (在…外),转义为“有”,“过”。例如:
  (1)The newly bought book is beyond my comprehension.(我读不懂)
  (2)He has nothing to do with the matter,it is against reason to blame him.(不合理)
  (3)Men’s self-control is sometimes below women’s.(不及)
  (4)The handicraft made in the small town is beyond all comparison.(无与伦比)
  (5)In the first instance,increasing the temperature is out of the question.(不可能)
  5.句型“I dare you + to do”意为“量你不敢……”
  I dare you to swim alone in this river.

  二、否定的位置
  (一)主语部分的否定
  主语部分的否定通常是在主语(名词或代词)前加上否定形容词no或直接用否定代词nobody,nothing作主语,或用none of + n./pron.,neither of + n./pron.结构,有时也用not放在主语前来表示,构成了否定句。例如:
  (1) No one dare say that to his face.
  (2) None of the telephones is working here.
  (3) Neither of them has ever had a university education.
  (4) Not even his best friend knew she was going to do it.
  (二)宾语部分的否定
  该部分的否定一般是通过在宾语(名词)前加上否定形容词no构成的。例如:
  (1) He thought it over,but could come to no conclusion.
  (2)This hovercraft needs no airport because it does not require a long runway for the takeoff.
  (三)状语部分的否定
  状语中的否定有以下几种情况:
  1.without + n./pron./ v-ing;with + no + n./ pron.+ …
  (1) Without your help,we would not have achieved so much.
  (2) He worked all day without ever complaining.
  (3) She left the country with no one to see her off.
  2.not + adv.+ …
  (1)He live not very far from the factory,so he often walks to work.
  (2)This bill must be paid not later than the middle of the month.
  3.not + 分词短语/ 不定式短语
  (1)Not knowing how to get there,I went to ask a policeman.
  (2)I came in quietly in order not to wake you up.
  4.其他介词短语中
   What is worrying the world greatly now is a possible shortage of coal,oil,natural gas,or other sources of fuel in the not too distant future.
  (四)补足语中的否定
  (1) George asked you not to wait for him any longer,for he has something else to do.
  (2)This proposal was generally considered not practical.
  三、否定的范围
  (一)全部否定
  句子中的否定有时是否定全部,而有时则只否定一部分。当句中出现否定代词(nobody,nothing,none,neither)、否定形容词(no)、或者否定副词(never,nowhere)等时,一般为全部否定。例如:
  (1)She likes nobody and nobody likes her.
  (2) No dogs are permitted here.
  (3) The old lady went nowhere,just stay at home.
  (二)部分否定
  当all,both,every,everyone,everything,everywhere,always,often,quite,entirely,wholly,altogether等词语与否定式谓语连用时,不是否定整体,而是否定其中的一部分(另一部分不包括在内),这种情况为部分否定。 例如:
  (1)All that glitters is not gold.
  (2)I don’t like both of the jackets.
  (3)Such a thing will not be found everywhere.
  (4)Forces do not always produce movement.
  (5)She does not often go to the readings-room.
  但须注意:1)有时句子中同时有all和not却不表示部分否定,这要视情况而定。例如:All passengers not going to New York must change trains at the next stop. 2)有时句中有always,every而无否定词not,但出现了前缀具有否定意义的词,这时仍为全部否定,例如:All atoms are invisible to the naked eye.
  (三)双重否定
  双重否定通常采用否定词+带有否定前缀的词(或否定意义的词)的方式表示,这样做更加含蓄,而且可起到强调、突出重点的作用,但它表示的却是肯定意义。例如:
  (1)He was not elected director of our factory,this is not because he was incapable,but because he didn't want to.
  (2)It is not impossible that he has told it to someone else.
  (3)There is no one who does not know the secret.
  四、否定的转移
  在含有宾语从句的复合句中,如主句谓语是think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,say,guess,feel,fancy,reckon 等表示“想、相信、设想、猜想”的动词,且主语为第一人称时,宾语从句中的否定通常转移到主句中,这更符合英美人的讲话习惯。例如:
  (1)I don’t believe that we have met before.
  (2)My younger brother walked 10 miles today.I never guessed that he could walk that far.
  (3)I don’t think that it is going to rain this afternoon.
  总之,否定句表现形式多样,使用方法灵活。在使用过程中只要注意仔细辨别,深刻领会其义,就能达到正确表达思想的目的。
  
  参考文献:
  [1] Rod Ellis.Second Language Acquisition.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1997.
  [2]张鑫友.大学生英语易错录[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2004.
  [3]王国栋新编英语语法[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
  [4]安华美.大学英语语法教学问题种种[J].外语界,2003,(3).
  [5]章振邦.新编英语语法[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1992.[责任编辑 陈鹤]


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