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低浓度对比剂在低kV扫描模式下兔肝脏双期CT成像研究

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  [摘要] 目的 探討低浓度对比剂在低kV扫描模式下兔肝脏双期CT增强成像的可行性。 方法 选取家兔14只(3.5~4.0月龄,体重2.0~2.5 kg),并根据扫描模式将其分为A、B、C组,其管电压分别为120、100、80 kV,对比剂浓度A组为350 mgI/mL,B、C组为270 mgI/mL,所有研究对象均按A~C组的扫描条件进行肝脏CT双期增强扫描,分别测量肝门水平门静脉、腹主动脉、腹壁肌肉及肝实质的CT值和噪声,计算对比噪声比(CNR)及信噪比(SNR)。由2名有经验的放射科医生对所有图像进行主观评分。 结果 三组有效辐射剂量比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。动脉期三组腹主动脉CT值、CNR、SNR及肝实质CT值、CNR比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);而三组肝实质SNR、噪声比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),且C组噪声大于A、B组;B、C组腹主动脉CT值比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两两组间噪声比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。门静脉期三组肝实质CT值及腹主动脉、门静脉、肝实质CNR、SNR及噪声比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);三组门静脉及腹主动脉CT值比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);A、B组门静脉CT值分别与C组比较,C组高于A、B组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);B组腹主动脉CT值高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。动脉期三组对比度、噪声、锐利度、整体等的主观评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),但其中A组对比度、噪声评价高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。门静脉期三组对比度、噪声、锐利度、整体等的主观评分比较及两两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 低浓度对比剂结合低kV扫描可以降低有效辐射剂量,升高血管CT值,结合ASIR重建技术,还能提高图像质量,满足诊断需求,为临床肝脏增强扫描提供理论依据。
  [关键词] 低浓度对比剂;肝脏;体层摄影术;家兔
  [中图分类号] R816.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)05(a)-0147-05
  [Abstract] Objective To investigate the feasibility of dual-phase CT enhanced imaging of rabbit liver in low-kV scan mode with low concentration contrast agent. Methods Fourteen rabbits (3.5-4.0 months age, weighing 2.0-2.5 kg) were selected and divided into groups A, B and C according to the scanning mode, and the tube voltages were 120, 100 and 80 kV, respectively, the contrast medium concentration was 350 mgI/mL in group A and 270 mgI/mL in group B and C. All subjects underwent dual-phase enhanced CT scanning according to the scanning conditions of group A-C. The CT value and noise of portal vein, abdominal aorta, abdominal wall muscle and liver parenchyma were measured, and the contrast noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were calculated. All images were subjectively scored by two experienced radiologists. Results There was significant difference in effective radiation dose among the three groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in abdominal aorta CT value, CNR, SNR, hepatic parenchyma CT value and CNR between the three groups during arterial phase (P > 0.05), but there was significant difference in hepatic parenchyma SNR and noise between the three groups (P < 0.05), and the noise in group C was higher than that in group A and B; the difference in abdominal aorta CT value between group B and C was significant (P < 0.05); there was a systematic difference in noise between the two groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in CT value of hepatic parenchyma and CNR, SNR and noise of abdominal aorta, portal vein and hepatic parenchyma among the three groups during portal vein phase (P > 0.05); there was significant difference in CT value of portal vein and abdominal aorta among the three groups (P < 0.05); CT values of portal vein in group A and B were compared with group C, group C was higher than group A and group B, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); group B had higher CT value of abdominal aorta compared with group A, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the subjective scores of contrast, noise, sharpness and overall in the three groups (P > 0.05), but the contrast and noise of group A was higher than that of group C, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the subjective scores of contrast, noise, sharpness, and overall between the three groups in the portal vein phase, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Low-concentration contrast agent combined with low-kV scanning can reduce the effective radiation dose, increase the vascular CT value, combined with ASIR reconstruction technology, can improve the image quality, meet the diagnostic needs, and provide a theoretical basis for clinical liver enhancement scanning.   [Key words] Low-concentration contrast agent; Liver; CT; Rabbits
  增强CT检查所带来的辐射剂量、肾脏损伤的潜在风险被越来越多的报道[1-6]。在不影响诊断的基础上,合理降低辐射剂量和造影剂的剂量(“双低技术”)已成为越来越多学者研究的热点。当前的“双低”研究多集中在能谱及血管成像[7-10],但尚无基础实验对整个扫描技术进行规范,其合理性缺乏相关研究。本研究采用不同扫描计划对兔行肝脏双期扫描,探讨低浓度造影剂及低辐射剂量对肝脏双期增强扫描的效果。
  1 材料与方法
  1.1 材料
  家兔14只,3.5~4.0月龄,2.0~2.5kg,雌性6只,雄性8只,由哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院(以下简称“我院”)动物实验中心提供(实验动物合格证号:SYXK(黑)2011-006),经过我院动物伦理委员会批准。
  1.2 扫描模式
  按管电压及对比剂浓度分为A、B、C组,所有家兔均实行A~C组扫描计划,每组扫描间隔时间为1周。A、B、C组管电压分别为120、100、80 kV,对比剂浓度A组为碘比醇350 mgI/mL,B、C组为碘克沙醇270 mgI/mL。管电流均为85 mAs。B、C两组增加30%ASIR重建[11]。
  1.3 CT扫描
  扫描机器为GE Discovery CT 750HD,Ulrich双筒高压注射器(德国)注射,对比剂剂量1.0 mL/kg,流速0.3 mL/s[12],追加5 mL生理盐水。实行双期扫描,动脉期延迟时间为13 s,门静脉期延迟时间为27 s,扫描范围包括全肝,准直器宽度40 mm,螺距0.985∶1,扫描层厚5 mm。所有数据传至AW4.5工作站进行分析。
  1.4 有效辐射剂量的计算
  有效辐射剂量=剂量长度乘积(DLP)×转换系数(k),腹部k=0.015。
  1.5 图像质量评价
  1.5.1 客观评价 将感兴趣区(ROI)置于肝门水平,测量腹主动脉、门静脉主干、肝实质及腹壁肌肉的CT值和噪声,ROI大小为3 mm2,测量3次,取平均值。计算噪声比(CNR)、信噪比(SNR),CNR=(感兴趣区CT值-对比组织CT值)/肌肉噪声,SNR=感兴趣区CT值/肌肉噪声[13]。
  1.5.2 主观评价 由2名有经验的放射诊断医师对图像进行综合评价,观察图像对比度、整体、噪声及锐利度[14]。对比度、整体及锐利度评分1~4分标准分别为:不能接受;可以接受;好;非常好。噪声评分1~4分标准分别为:存在噪声不能诊断;存在噪声影响诊断;存在噪声不影响诊断;很少或没有噪声。
  1.6 统计学方法
  采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较采用t检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 三组CT扫描有效辐射剂量比较
  三组有效辐射剂量总体比较及组间两两比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其中C組有效辐射剂量较A组减少约66.7%。见表1。
  2.2 三组动脉期相关指标比较
  动脉期三组腹主动脉CT值、CNR、SNR及肝实质CT值、CNR比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),而三组肝实质SNR、噪声比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),且C组噪声大于A、B组。B、C组腹主动脉CT值比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组噪声比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。
  2.3 三组门静脉期相关指标比较
  门静脉期三组肝实质CT值及腹主动脉、门静脉、肝实质CNR、SNR及噪声比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。三组期门静脉及腹主动脉CT值比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);A、B组门静脉CT值分别与C组比较,C组高于A、B组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);B组腹主动脉CT值高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表3。
  2.4 三组主观评分比较
  动脉期三组对比度、噪声、锐利度、整体等主观评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),但其中A组对比度、噪声评价高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。门静脉期三组对比度、噪声、锐利度、整体等主观评分总体比较及组间两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表4、图1。
  3 讨论
  如何合理降低辐射剂量及对比剂肾损害是学者近来研究的热点。诸多研究[15-18]表明,等渗对比剂肾毒性小,碘克沙醇使用后不良反应较其他对比剂轻微。本研究采用动物实验作为一个研究的先期工作,不断尝试不同的扫描模式及对比剂浓度,寻找一个最佳的配合,为今后开展临床工作提供理论依据。本研究双期延迟时间为先期预实验所得,以兔肝脏CT灌注扫描得出的腹主动脉及门静脉的时间峰值作为延迟时间。所有实验兔均行三组扫描计划,且分别间隔1周进行,可保证对比剂充分排除,实验兔自身对比能排除个体差异,减少偏倚,对比性强。
  本研究采用降低kV值来实现降低辐射剂量,C组较A组辐射剂量减少66.7%。动脉期A、B两组腹主动脉CT值比较,差异无统计学意义,提示低kV及低对比剂浓度可以升高血管CT值,达到高kV、高对比剂浓度的水平;B、C组腹主动脉CT值比较,差异有统计学意义,提示相同对比剂浓度,降低kV值,可提高血管CT值。三组肝实质在动脉期的CT值比较,无统计学意义,提示动脉期肝脏尚无明显强化时,kV及对比剂浓度对动脉期肝实质密度的影响是无差异的,间接提示若肝脏存在动脉供血的病灶,则会出现较高密度的强化,这对提高病灶的检出具有指导意义。   降低kV會导致增加噪声,图像质量下降,因此B、C两组在降低kV的同时增加30%的ASIR重建,图像质量得到明显提高。但动脉期A、C组噪声及SNR以及主观评分的对比度及噪声仍存在差异。因此,随着kV的不断降低,超低kV图像应增加更高级别的>30%的ASIR重建才能达到高kV的图像质量水平。
  门静脉血管扫描技术尤其是能谱扫描一直是临床研究的热点[19-20],静脉成像因二次循环到静脉,故其CT值较低,难以达到三维成像。提高静脉的CT值,合理降低对比剂用量,保证静脉血管成像的图像质量,一直是学者关心的问题。本研究门静脉期的结果提示低kV及低对比剂浓度会增加门静脉CT值,这也为“双低技术”静脉CT血管成像扫描提供了理论依据。虽然低kV会增加图像噪声,但门静脉期由于肝实质明显强化,提高了图像对比度,因此不会导致图像质量下降,本研究主观及客观评分结果也证实了这一点。
  综上所述,单纯降低对比剂浓度采用常规kV扫描会造成强化不足,影响诊断,采用低kV、低对比剂浓度扫描,结合自适应统计迭代重建后,不仅可以减少CT扫描的风险及肾毒性,还能达到常规扫描的图像质量,提高血管CT值,达到诊断的目的。
  本实验也存在不足:本研究仅限于正常家兔的增强扫描研究,今后将增加样本进行疾病的增强特点及检出率的研究;临床工作中患者个体差异较大,标准化的“双低”扫描方案运用于临床,需进行大样本的临床实验。
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  (收稿日期:2019-01-03 本文编辑:王 蕾)
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