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培养学生发散思维能力的尝试

来源:用户上传      作者: 刘月颖 刘海吉

  发散性思维,即创造性思维或多向性思维,是指对同一问题进行多角度、多层次思考,通过一系列的联想、对比、归纳、推理,是在定向思维、逆向思维的基础上发展而来的,是一种崭新的、超前的、科学的、能最大限度开发人脑智力的思维方式。努力培养学生的发散思维能力能充分发挥学生在英语学习中地主体作用,提高他们多方面、多角度、多层次地观察问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力。从而能开阔学生的视野,对问题可以举一反三、触类旁通,从而大大提高英语课堂教学的质量。
  一、通过词汇教学培养发散思维能力
  以词汇作为发散点,起点低、难度小、伸缩大,适合训练各种程度的学生,因而所有学生都能够参加,这样就极大地提高了学生学习的兴趣。在词汇教学中,要充分利用构词法、同义词、反义词、词组搭配、词性变化等的方法。
  例一:学习单词success,可引导学生归纳它的词性和它在句中的用法:success(n.)Your success made me happy. successful(adj.) It was a successful party. successfully(adv.)We successfully crossed the river. succeed (v.) I am sure he will succeed.
  学习单词see时,引导学生联想see的同音异形词sea。学生可自己总结已学过的类似的单词,如one-won、son-sun等。
  例二:学习单词sunny时,可让学生知道它是由名词sun+ny构成的,类似结构还有wind-windy; rain-rainy; snow-snowy; cloud-cloudy等。
  二、通过课文中难句和常用句型培养发散思维能力
  在初中英语课文中,有一些难句、常用句和句型可采用一句多说、一句多译等方式来开发学生的创造性思维。
  例一:How have you been?可引导学生说:How are you? How is everything with you? How are you doing?
  例二:They are both fine.可以积极鼓励学生用多种句型转换:Both of them are fine. Both are fine. They both have a good health. They both look very well. They both look fine.
  三、通过句型教学培养发散思维能力
  发散思维要求学生根据一个“信号”能够输出与之相近的多个信号,而初中英语课文中的句型是丰富多彩的,通过句型转换培养学生的发散思维是很实用的。
  例一:I'll return it as soon as I can.. 以此句为出发点,让学生自己去联系,改写成若干相同或相近的句子,如:Please give it back as soon as possible. I'll return it very/quite soon. I'll give it back as quickly as I can.
  例二:He arrived in Beijing on Friday. He got to Beijing on Friday. He reached Beijing on Friday. We arrived here last night. We got here last night. We reached here last night.
  四、通过语法教学培养发散思维能力。
  初中英语语法教学的主要任务是帮助学生针对某一语法现象进行较系统的学习和归纳,因此在语法教学中要运用适当的语法项目对学生进行发散思维能力的培养。
  例一:He is much taller than the others. 此句虽为比较级句子,但有最高级的含义,引导学生以此句为发散点,运用联想的方法,可以改写成:He is much taller than any of the others. He is much taller than any other student in the class. No one in the class is taller than he. He is much taller than anyone else in the class. He is the tallest student in the class.
  例二:His temperature seems to be all right. 此句的结构为seem+ (to be) +形容词,通过此句可引导学生拓宽知识面:
  1. seem +(to be)+名词。如:He seems (to be ) a good teacher.
  2. seem + 不定式。如:He seems to know the answer.
  3. seem + 从句(要用it作形式主语),如:It seems that you are telling a lie.
  通过连词成句、连句成篇等方法培养学生的发散思维能力
  在英语教学过程中,鼓励学生运用课文中所学的词语、句型,将一些词连成句,再将句连成短篇来表达自己的意思。这也是创造性地运用所学语言知识的过程,既可以复习巩固已学过的语言知识,又可以体会到用英语表达自我创造性的乐趣。在这一过程中,应指导学生多用一些简单句来表达自己。
  例一:在初三THE LOST BOOK一课中学了borrow...from, return....to, anywhere, pay for等词语,表面上看这些词组互不相干,但可以要求学生结合已学过的词、词组,运用自己的创造思维能力,将这些词和词组连成句和篇。如:There is a big library in our school.I often go to read newspapers and books in the reading room. Two weeks ago, I borrowed a book from the library. It's time to return it to the library. But I can't find it antwhere.I think I've lost it. I'm afraid that if I've lost it, I must pay for it.上面这个练习过程可重复进行,可在纸上反复修改,便成了写作练习。
  我认为,用上述方法开拓学生思维,培养学生发散思维能力,在初中英语教学中收效是相当明显的,尤其是在初三升学复习中效果更佳。因为这充分发挥了学生的主体作用和教师的主导作用,它既符合启发性教学原则,又充分调动了学生学习英语的积极性,不但活跃了课堂教学气氛,而且有利于知识的归纳、比较,为学生今后的英语学习打下良好的基础。


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