颈项透明层结合孕中期血清三联指标在双胎唐氏筛查中的价值评估
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作者:林广城 夏成静 谭燕清 池瑞招 李贵芹
【摘要】 目的:探討孕早期颈项透明层(NT)结合孕中期血清三联指标对双胎妊娠唐氏综合征(DS)筛查的应用效果。方法:选取2017年7月-2019年6月于深圳市龙岗区第七人民医院、深圳市光明新区人民医院及中山大学第八附属医院产前诊断科进行围产保健的双胎妊娠孕妇422例,均于妊娠11~13+6周行胎儿NT超声检测,并于妊娠14~19周测定血清甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)、β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-human chorionic gonadotro,β-hCG)和游离雌三醇(uncojugated estriol,uE3)浓度。以染色体分析及随访结果作为金标准,分析NT、血清三联指标(AFP+β-hCG+uE3)及两者联合检测的DS筛查价值。结果:有25例确诊为DS。血清三联指标DS筛查阳性率为7.82%(33/422);NT超声DS筛查阳性率为5.69%(24/422);联合检测DS筛查阳性率为9.95%(42/422)。均联合检测的灵敏度(96.00%)均高于血清三联指标(52.00%)与NT超声(60.00%),而漏诊率(4.00%)低于血清三联指标(48.00%)与NT超声(40.00%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:孕早期NT联合孕中期血清三联指标检测可保证特异度,显著提高灵敏度、降低漏诊率,对DS筛查具有临床意义。
【关键词】 颈项透明层 血清三联指标 双胎妊娠 唐氏综合征
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the application effect of early pregnancy nuchal translucency (NT) combined with serum triple index in the second trimester on twin pregnancy Down’s syndrome (DS) screening. Method: From July 2017 to June 2019, 422 twin pregnancy women received perinatal care in the prenatal diagnosis department of the Shenzhen Longgang District Seventh People’s Hospital, Shenzhen Guangming New District People’s Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University Eighth Affiliated Hospital were selected. All of them received NT ultrasound detection at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation. And serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP), β-human chorionic gonadotro (β-hCG) and uncojugated estriol (uE3) were measured at 14 to 19 weeks of gestation. The results of chromosome analysis and follow-up were used as the gold standard to analyze the DS screening value of NT, serum triple index (AFP + β-hCG + uE3) and the combination of both. Result: There were 25 confirmed cases of DS. The DS screening positive rate of serum triple index was 7.82% (33/422). The DS screening positive rate of NT ultrasound was 5.69% (24/422). The DS screening positive rate of combined detection was 9.95% (42/422). The sensitivity of combined detection (96.00%) were higher than those of serum triple index (52.00%) and NT ultrasound (60.00%), while the rate of missed diagnosis (4.00%) were lower than those of serum triple index (48.00%) and NT ultrasound (40.00%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: NT in early pregnancy combined with serum triple index in the second trimester detection can ensure specificity, significantly improve sensitivity, and reduce the rate of missed diagnosis, which has clinical significance for DS screening.[Key words] Nuchal translucency Serum triple index Twin pregnancy Down’s syndromeFirst-author’s address: Seventh People’s Hospital of Longgang District in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518114, China 3 讨论
产前筛查是通过简便、经济和较小创伤的检测方法,如检测孕妇血清中的一系列生化标志物或通过超声检查从孕妇群体中筛查出唐氏综合征的高危孕妇,然后再对高危孕妇进行产前诊断,可避免90%以上的有创风险[7]。NT是产前筛查超声检查的常用方法,指测量胎儿颈后皮下组织液内液体积聚的厚度;其通常与罹患21-三体综合征、18-三体综合征、13-三体综合征等风险成正相关,同时可排除胎儿大的结构畸形如先天性心脏结构畸形、骨骼系统畸形、膈疝等,具有很重要的孕早期排畸作用,也是早期唐氏筛查的诊断依据之一[8]。孕中期进行产前筛查孕妇血清标志物是无创伤性产前诊断最常用的方法之一,其中血清三联指标包括AF、β-hCG和uE3[9]。而羊水细胞染色体核型分析方法虽然是DS的产前診断的金标准,但作为有创性检查手段,有一定的流产率,并且检测周期长、费用高,故不作为首先筛查策略[10]。
随着单胎筛查指标的不断发展变化,双胎筛查指标的研究也是紧随其后,从最初只能通过孕妇年龄进行DS高风险的判断,到利用早孕期总hCG、妊娠相关蛋白A(PAPP-A)、β-hCG和中孕期AFP、β-hCG、uE3进行筛查,到目前不论是超声技术还是血清生化指标都有新的研究进展。文献[11-13]利用超声NT结合血清生化指标在双胎孕妇中筛查DS,单绒双胎测定两个胎儿的NT后取平均数进行风险值的评估,双绒双胎则两个胎儿分别测定NT后,单独进行评估,可以获得不错的筛查效果,研究表明孕早期NT筛查和孕早期联合筛查(NT+血清学筛查)在单绒毛膜双胎的检出率分别是73%和84%,在双绒毛膜双胎是68%和70%,在双胎妊娠的总体检出率是69%和72%,可见联合筛查已经能够获得很好的筛查效率,可以达到与单胎相似的临床效果[10-13]。而在单胎筛查中最好的筛查策略是早中孕期联合酌情序贯筛查,在双胎筛查中也能成为选择之一。目前能广泛用于临床并且得到验证的血清学指标主要是PAPP-A、β-hCG、AFP和uE3,NT检查在双胎妊娠中由于能单独对两个胎儿进行评估,在临床上获得广泛应用。在国内,各医院常规使用的筛查模式为中孕期血清三联标记组合方案(AFP+β-hCG+uE3),主要用于单胎孕妇的唐氏产前筛查。2013年王莉等[14]比较了AFP、β-hCG和uE3在孕中期双胎妊娠与单胎妊娠孕妇血清中的不同,将不同孕周双胎血清学标志物分别与同孕周单胎血清学标志物及单胎血清学标志物的2倍比较,结果显示孕中期双胎孕妇血清学标志物水平不完全为单胎孕妇的2倍。近几年国内主要还在对孕中期血清筛查标志物在双胎与单胎的中位数进行比较,但双胎的数据都偏少,导致在不同的孕周MoM值变化较大,并且都没有区分双胎类型。国内外有较多的报道关于胎儿颈项透明层增厚与胎儿染色体异常的联系,但目前比较关注的问题是在早孕期采用哪一种筛查方案能达到更高的检出率,降低假阳性率。陈敏等[15]一项主要在华裔孕妇中的研究显示,早孕期单独使用胎儿颈项透明层进行筛查能达到69%的检出率,单独使用早孕期血清学筛查达到62%的检出率,将两者联合可达88%的检出率。
本研究对422例双胎孕妇于妊娠早期进行胎儿NT超声检测,并于妊娠中期对血清三联指标(AFP+β-hCG+uE3)进行测定,采用孕早中期两方案序贯法对双胎孕妇胎儿DS进行筛查,并以染色体分析结果作为为唐氏综合征筛查金标准。在本研究中NT联合血清三联指标筛查率9.95%(42/422),灵敏度为96.00%,特异度为95.47%,漏诊率为4.00%;而单独运用血清三联指标漏诊率48.00%,NT超声漏诊率为40.00%。可见,孕早期NT联合孕中期血清三联指标筛查方案可在保证特异度的基础上,显著提高灵敏度、降低漏诊率。本研究为建立一种实用性强,具有高检出率,低假阳性率的筛查模式提供了新的策略,对于解决目前对双胎孕妇唐氏筛查的临床空白,减少DS患儿出生,选择性的进行减胎术,降低出生缺陷都有重要的现实意义。
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